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Практическая пульмонология (ранее – "Атмосфера. Пульмонология и аллергология"): ISSN 2409-756X (Online), ISSN 2409-6636 (Print)
2018 / N 2

Бронхоспазм, индуцированный физической нагрузкой, у спортсменов
А.В. Черняк, М.В. Черняк

Список литературы
1. Weiler JM, Bonini S, Coifman R, Craig T, Delgado L, Capão-Filipe M, Passali D, Randolph C, Storms W; Ad Hoc Committee of Sports Medicine Committee of American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Work Group report: exercise-induced asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2007 Jun;119(6):1349-58.
2. Weiler JM, Anderson SD, Randolph C, Bonini S, Craig TJ, Pearlman DS, Rundell KW, Silvers WS, Storms WW, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Khan DA, Lang DM, Nicklas RA, Oppenheimer J, Portnoy JM, Schuller DE, Spector SL, Tilles SA, Wallace D, Henderson W, Schwartz L, Kaufman D, Nsouli T, Shieken L, Rosario N; American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology; American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology; Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Pathogenesis, prevalence, diagnosis, and management of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: a practice parameter. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 2010 Dec;105(6 Suppl):S1-47.
3. Parsons JP, Hallstrand TS, Mastronarde JG, Kaminsky DA, Rundell KW, Hull JH, Storms WW, Weiler JM, Cheek FM, Wilson KC, Anderson SD; American Thoracic Society Subcommittee on Exercise-induced Bronchoconstriction. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2013 May;187(9):1016-27.
4. Molis MA, Molis WE. Exercise-induced bronchospasm. Sports Health 2010 Jul;2(4):311-7. 5. Ansley L, Kippelen P, Dickinson J, Hull JH. Misdiagnosis of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in professional soccer players. Allergy 2012 Mar;67(3):390-5.
6. Bonini M, Lapucci G, Petrelli G, Todaro A, Pamich T, Rasi G, Bonini S. Predictive value of allergy and pulmonary function tests for the diagnosis of asthma in elite athletes. Allergy 2007 Oct;62(10):1166-70.
7. Selge C, Thomas S, Nowak D, Radon K, Wolfarth B. Asthma prevalence in German Olympic athletes: a comparison of winter and summer sport disciplines. Respiratory Medicine 2016 Sep;118:15-21.
8. Carlsen KH, Oseid S, Odden H, Mellbye E. The response to heavy swimming exercise in children with and without bronchial asthma. In: Children and exercise XIII. Oseid S, Carlsen KH, editors. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers; 1989:351-60.
9. Brennan FH Jr, Alent J, Ross MJ. Evaluating the athlete with suspected exercise-induced asthma or bronchospasm. Current Sports Medicine Reports 2018 Mar;17(3):85-9.
10. Wilber RL, Rundell KW, Szmedra L, Jenkinson DM, Im J, Drake SD. Incidence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in Olympic winter sport athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2000 Apr;32(4):732-7.
11. Alaranta A, Alaranta H, Palmu P, Alha P, Pietilä K, Heliövaara M, Helenius I. Asthma medication in Finnish Olympic athletes: no signs of inhaled beta2-agonist overuse. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2004 Jun;36(6):919-24.
12. Hallstrand TS, Moody MW, Wurfel MM, Schwartz LB, Henderson WR Jr, Aitken ML. Inflammatory basis of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2005 Sep;172(6):679-86.
13. Anderson SD, Daviskas E. The mechanism of exercise-induced asthma is … The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2000 Sep;106(3):453-9.
14. Chen WY, Horton DJ. Heat and water loss from the airways and exercise-induced asthma. Respiration 1977;34(6):305-13.
15. Freed AN, Omori C, Schofield BH. The effect of bronchial blood flow on hyperpnea-induced airway obstruction and injury. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1995 Sep;96(3):1221-9.
16. McFadden ER Jr, Lenner KA, Strohl KP. Postexertional airway rewarming and thermally induced asthma. New insights into pathophysiology and possible pathogenesis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1986 Jul;78(1):18-25.
17. Weiler JM, Brannan JD, Randolph CC, Hallstrand TS, Parsons J, Silvers W, Storms W, Zeiger J, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Greenhawt M, Khan D, Lang D, Nicklas RA, Oppenheimer J, Portnoy JM, Schuller DE, Tilles SA, Wallace D. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction update-2016. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunollogy 2016 Nov;138(5):1292-5.
18. Gulliksson M, Palmberg L, Nilsson G, Ahlstedt S, Kumlin M. Release of prostaglandin D2 and leukotriene C in response to hyperosmolar stimulation of mast cells. Allergy 2006 Dec;61(12):1473-9.
19. Eggleston PA, Kagey-Sobotka A, Lichtenstein LM. A comparison of the osmotic activation of basophils and human lung mast cells. The American Review of Respiratory Disease 1987 May;135(5):1043-8.
20. Moloney ED, Griffin S, Burke CM, Poulter LW, O’Sullivan S. Release of inflammatory mediators from eosinophils following a hyperosmolar stimulus. Respiratory Medicine 2003 Aug;97(8):928-32.
21. Brannan JD, Anderson SD, Gomes K, King GG, Chan HK, Seale JP. Fexofenadine decreases sensitivity to and montelukast improves recovery from inhaled mannitol. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2001 May;163(6):1420-5.
22. Kanazawa H, Asai K, Hirata K, Yoshikawa J. Vascular involvement in exercise-induced airway narrowing in patients with bronchial asthma. Chest 2002 Jul;122(1):166-70.
23. Romberg K, Bjermer L, Tufvesson E. Exercise but not mannitol provocation increases urinary Clara cell protein (CC16) in elite swimmers. Respiratory Medicine 2011 Jan;105(1):31-6.
24. Romberg K, Tufvesson E, Bjermer L. Asthma symptoms, mannitol reactivity and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in adolescent swimmers versus tennis players. Journal of Asthma and Allergy 2017 Oct;10:249-60.
25. Kippelen P, Tufvesson E, Ali L, Bjermer L, Anderson SD. Urinary CC16 after challenge with dry air hyperpnoea and mannitol in recreational summer athletes. Respiratory Medicine 2013 Dec;107(12):1837-44.
26. Freed AN, McCulloch S, Meyers T, Suzuki R. Neurokinins modulate hyperventilation-induced bronchoconstriction in canine peripheral airways. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2003 Apr;167(8):1102-8.
27. Lai YL, Lee SP. Mediators in hyperpnea-induced bronchoconstriction of guinea pigs. Naunyn Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology 1999 Nov;360(5):597-602.
28. Bonini M, Silvers W. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: background, prevalence, and sport considerations. Immunology and Allergy Clinic of North America 2018 May;38(2):205-14.
29. Unal M, Sahinkaya T, Namaraslɪ D, Akkaya V, Kayserilioglu A. The prevalance of exercise induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2004 Mar;3(1):57-9.
30. Rundell KW, Slee JB. Exercise and other indirect challenges to demonstrate asthma or exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008 Aug;122(2):238-46; quiz 247-8.
31. Чучалин А.Г. Спорт и бронхиальная астма. Атмосфера. Пульмонология и аллергология 2005;2:3-5.
32. Bonini M, Gramiccioni C, Fioretti D, Ruckert B, Rinaldi M, Akdis C, Todaro A, Palange P, Carlsen KH, Pelliccia A, Rasi G, Bonini S; AIDA and the Italian Unit of the GA2LEN Olympic Study. Asthma, allergy and the Olympics: a 12-year survey in elite athletes. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 Apr;15(2):184-92.
33. Anandan C, Nurmatov U, van Schayck OC, Sheikh A. Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies. Allergy 2010 Feb;65(2):152-67.
34. Grant EN, Wagner R, Weiss KB. Observations on emerging patterns of asthma in our society. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1999 Aug;104(2 Pt 2):S1-9.
35. Bjermer L, Anderson SD. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness in athletes: mechanisms for development. In: Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of exercise-related asthma, respiratory and allergic disorders in sports. Carlsen KH, Delgado L, Del Giacco S, editors. European Respiratory Monograph 2005;33:19-34.
36. Carlsen KH, Anderson SD, Bjermer L, Bonini S, Brusasco V, Canonica W, Cummiskey J, Delgado L, Del Giacco SR, Drobnic F, Haahtela T, Larsson K, Palange P, Popov T, van Cauwenberge P; European Respiratory Society; European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Exercise-induced asthma, respiratory and allergic disorders in elite athletes: epidemiology, mechanisms and diagnosis: part I of the report from the Joint Task Force of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) in cooperation with GA2LEN. Allergy 2008 Apr;63(4):387-403.
37. Langdeau JB, Day A, Turcotte H, Boulet LP. Gender differences in the prevalence of airway hyperresponsiveness and asthma in athletes. Respiratory Medicine 2009 Mar;103(3):401-6.
38. Couillard S, Bougault V, Turmel J, Boulet LP. Perception of bronchoconstriction following methacholine and eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea challenges in elite athletes. Chest 2014 Apr;145(4):794-802.
39. Romberg K, Tufvesson E, Bjermer L. Sex differences in asthma in swimmers and tennis players. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 2017 Mar;118(3):311-7.
40. Fitch KD. Therapeutic use exemptions (TUEs) at the Olympic Games 1992-2012. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2013 Sep;47(13):815-8.
41. Fitch KD. An overview of asthma and airway hyper-responsiveness in Olympic athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2012 May;46(6):413-6.
42. Sue-Chu M, Larsson L, Bjermer L. Prevalence of asthma in young cross-country skiers in central Scandinavia: differences between Norway and Sweden. Respiratory Medicine 1996 Feb;90(2):99-105.
43. Никитина Л.Ю., Соодаева С.К., Петровский Ф.И., Котлярова В.Н., Койносов А.П., Шашкова Т.В., Петровская Ю.А., Гасымова С.Ш., Чучалин А.Г. Взаимосвязь между функцией внешнего дыхания и уровнем оксида азота в выдыхаемом воздухе при бронхоспазме, вызванном физической нагрузкой, у спортсменов. Современные технологии в медицине 2013;5(3):45-50.
44. Никитина Л.Ю., Соодаева С.К., Котлярова В.Н., Петровская Ю.А., Шашкова Т.В., Гасымова С.Ш., Петровский Ф.И. Эффективность антилейкотриеновой терапии при бронхоспазме, вызванном физической нагрузкой, у лыжников и биатлонистов. Современные технологии в медицине 2014;6(4):134-9.
45. Kurowski M, Jurczyk J, Moskwa S, Jarzębska M, Krysztofiak H, Kowalski ML. Winter ambient training conditions are associated with increased bronchial hyperreactivity and with shifts in serum innate immunity proteins in young competitive speed skaters. Archives of Medical Science 2018 Jan;14(1):60-8.
46. Provost-Craig MA, Arbour KS, Sestili DC, Chabalko JJ, Ekinci E. The incidence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in competitive figure skaters. Journal of Asthma 1996;33(1):67-71.
47. Mannix ET, Farber MO, Palange P, Galassetti P, Manfredi F. Exercise-induced asthma in figure skaters. Chest 1996 Feb;109(2):312-5.
48. Mannix ET, Manfredi F, Farber MO. A comparison of two challenge tests for identifying exercise-induced bronchospasm in figure skaters. Chest 1999 Mar;115(3):649-53.
49. Mountjoy M, Fitch K, Boulet LP, Bougault V, van Mechelen W, Verhagen E. Prevalence and characteristics of asthma in the aquatic disciplines. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 Sep;136(3):588-94.
50. Nickmilder M, Bernard A. Ecological association between childhood asthma and availability of indoor chlorinated swimming pools in Europe. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2007 Jan;64(1):37-46.
51. Bernard A, Nickmilder M, Dumont X. Chlorinated pool attendance, airway epithelium defects and the risks of allergic diseases in adolescents: interrelationships revealed by circulating biomarkers. Environmental Research 2015 Jul;140:119-26.
52. Pedersen L. Airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation in elite swimmers. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2009 Jan;3(1):62.
53. Bougault V, Loubaki L, Joubert P, Turmel J, Couture C, Laviolette M, Chakir J, Boulet LP. Airway remodeling and inflammation in competitive swimmers training in indoor chlorinated swimming pools. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2012 Feb;129(2):351-8.
54. Bougault V, Turmel J, St-Laurent J, Bertrand M, Boulet LP. Asthma, airway inflammation and epithelial damage in swimmers and cold-air athletes. European Respiratory Journal 2009 Apr;33(4):740-6.
55. Medelli J, Lounana J, Messan F, Menuet JJ, Petitjean M. Testing of pulmonary function in a professional cycling team. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 2006 Jun;46(2):298-306.
56. Riedl M, Diaz-Sanchez D. Biology of diesel exhaust effects on respiratory function. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2005;115(2):221-8; quiz 229.
57. Alexis NE, Carlsten C. Interplay of air pollution and asthma immunopathogenesis: a focused review of diesel exhaust and ozone. International Immunopharmacology 2014 Nov;23(1):347-55.
58. Helenius IJ, Tikkanen HO, Haahtela T. Association between type of training and risk of asthma in elite athletes. Thorax 1997 Feb;52(2):157-60.

References
1. Weiler JM, Bonini S, Coifman R, Craig T, Delgado L, Capão-Filipe M, Passali D, Randolph C, Storms W; Ad Hoc Committee of Sports Medicine Committee of American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Work Group report: exercise-induced asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2007 Jun;119(6):1349-58.
2. Weiler JM, Anderson SD, Randolph C, Bonini S, Craig TJ, Pearlman DS, Rundell KW, Silvers WS, Storms WW, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Khan DA, Lang DM, Nicklas RA, Oppenheimer J, Portnoy JM, Schuller DE, Spector SL, Tilles SA, Wallace D, Henderson W, Schwartz L, Kaufman D, Nsouli T, Shieken L, Rosario N; American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology; American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology; Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Pathogenesis, prevalence, diagnosis, and management of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: a practice parameter. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 2010 Dec;105(6 Suppl):S1-47.
3. Parsons JP, Hallstrand TS, Mastronarde JG, Kaminsky DA, Rundell KW, Hull JH, Storms WW, Weiler JM, Cheek FM, Wilson KC, Anderson SD; American Thoracic Society Subcommittee on Exercise-induced Bronchoconstriction. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2013 May;187(9):1016-27.
4. Molis MA, Molis WE. Exercise-induced bronchospasm. Sports Health 2010 Jul;2(4):311-7. 5. Ansley L, Kippelen P, Dickinson J, Hull JH. Misdiagnosis of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in professional soccer players. Allergy 2012 Mar;67(3):390-5.
6. Bonini M, Lapucci G, Petrelli G, Todaro A, Pamich T, Rasi G, Bonini S. Predictive value of allergy and pulmonary function tests for the diagnosis of asthma in elite athletes. Allergy 2007 Oct;62(10):1166-70.
7. Selge C, Thomas S, Nowak D, Radon K, Wolfarth B. Asthma prevalence in German Olympic athletes: a comparison of winter and summer sport disciplines. Respiratory Medicine 2016 Sep;118:15-21.
8. Carlsen KH, Oseid S, Odden H, Mellbye E. The response to heavy swimming exercise in children with and without bronchial asthma. In: Children and exercise XIII. Oseid S, Carlsen KH, editors. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers; 1989: 351-60.
9. Brennan FH Jr, Alent J, Ross MJ. Evaluating the athlete with suspected exercise-induced asthma or bronchospasm. Current Sports Medicine Reports 2018 Mar;17(3):85-9.
10. Wilber RL, Rundell KW, Szmedra L, Jenkinson DM, Im J, Drake SD. Incidence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in Olympic winter sport athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2000 Apr;32(4):732-7.
11. Alaranta A, Alaranta H, Palmu P, Alha P, Pietilä K, Heliövaara M, Helenius I. Asthma medication in Finnish Olympic athletes: no signs of inhaled beta2-agonist overuse. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2004 Jun;36(6):919-24.
12. Hallstrand TS, Moody MW, Wurfel MM, Schwartz LB, Henderson WR Jr, Aitken ML. Inflammatory basis of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2005 Sep;172(6):679-86.
13. Anderson SD, Daviskas E. The mechanism of exercise-induced asthma is … The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2000 Sep;106(3):453-9.
14. Chen WY, Horton DJ. Heat and water loss from the airways and exercise-induced asthma. Respiration 1977;34(6):305-13.
15. Freed AN, Omori C, Schofield BH. The effect of bronchial blood flow on hyperpnea-induced airway obstruction and injury. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1995 Sep;96(3):1221-9.
16. McFadden ER Jr, Lenner KA, Strohl KP. Postexertional airway rewarming and thermally induced asthma. New insights into pathophysiology and possible pathogenesis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1986 Jul;78(1):18-25.
17. Weiler JM, Brannan JD, Randolph CC, Hallstrand TS, Parsons J, Silvers W, Storms W, Zeiger J, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Greenhawt M, Khan D, Lang D, Nicklas RA, Oppenheimer J, Portnoy JM, Schuller DE, Tilles SA, Wallace D. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction update-2016. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunollogy 2016 Nov;138(5):1292-5.e36.
18. Gulliksson M, Palmberg L, Nilsson G, Ahlstedt S, Kumlin M. Release of prostaglandin D2 and leukotriene C in response to hyperosmolar stimulation of mast cells. Allergy 2006 Dec;61(12):1473-9.
19. Eggleston PA, Kagey-Sobotka A, Lichtenstein LM. A comparison of the osmotic activation of basophils and human lung mast cells. The American Review of Respiratory Disease 1987 May;135(5):1043-8.
20. Moloney ED, Griffin S, Burke CM, Poulter LW, O’Sullivan S. Release of inflammatory mediators from eosinophils following a hyperosmolar stimulus. Respiratory Medicine 2003 Aug;97(8):928-32.
21. Brannan JD, Anderson SD, Gomes K, King GG, Chan HK, Seale JP. Fexofenadine decreases sensitivity to and montelukast improves recovery from inhaled mannitol. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2001 May;163(6):1420-5.
22. Kanazawa H, Asai K, Hirata K, Yoshikawa J. Vascular involvement in exercise-induced airway narrowing in patients with bronchial asthma. Chest 2002 Jul;122(1):166-70.
23. Romberg K, Bjermer L, Tufvesson E. Exercise but not mannitol provocation increases urinary Clara cell protein (CC16) in elite swimmers. Respiratory Medicine 2011 Jan;105(1):31-6.
24. Romberg K, Tufvesson E, Bjermer L. Asthma symptoms, mannitol reactivity and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in adolescent swimmers versus tennis players. Journal of Asthma and Allergy 2017 Oct;10:249-60.
25. Kippelen P, Tufvesson E, Ali L, Bjermer L, Anderson SD. Urinary CC16 after challenge with dry air hyperpnoea and mannitol in recreational summer athletes. Respiratory Medicine 2013 Dec;107(12):1837-44.
26. Freed AN, McCulloch S, Meyers T, Suzuki R. Neurokinins modulate hyperventilation-induced bronchoconstriction in canine peripheral airways. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2003 Apr;167(8):1102-8.
27. Lai YL, Lee SP. Mediators in hyperpnea-induced bronchoconstriction of guinea pigs. Naunyn Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology 1999 Nov;360(5):597-602.
28. Bonini M, Silvers W. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: background, prevalence, and sport considerations. Immunology and Allergy Clinic of North America 2018 May;38(2):205-14.
29. Unal M, Sahinkaya T, Namaraslɪ D, Akkaya V, Kayserilioglu A. The prevalance of exercise induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2004 Mar;3(1):57-9.
30. Rundell KW, Slee JB. Exercise and other indirect challenges to demonstrate asthma or exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2008 Aug;122(2):238-46; quiz 247-8.
31. Chuchalin AG. Sport and bronchial asthma. Atmosphere. Pulmonology and Allergology 2005;2:3-5 (In Russian).
32. Bonini M, Gramiccioni C, Fioretti D, Ruckert B, Rinaldi M, Akdis C, Todaro A, Palange P, Carlsen KH, Pelliccia A, Rasi G, Bonini S; AIDA and the Italian Unit of the GA2LEN Olympic Study. Asthma, allergy and the Olympics: a 12-year survey in elite athletes. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 Apr;15(2):184-92.
33. Anandan C, Nurmatov U, van Schayck OC, Sheikh A. Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies. Allergy 2010 Feb;65(2):152-67.
34. Grant EN, Wagner R, Weiss KB. Observations on emerging patterns of asthma in our society. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1999 Aug;104(2 Pt 2):S1-9.
35. Bjermer L, Anderson SD. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness in athletes: mechanisms for development. In: Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of exercise-related asthma, respiratory and allergic disorders in sports. Carlsen KH, Delgado L, Del Giacco S, editors. European Respiratory Monograph 2005;33:19-34.
36. Carlsen KH, Anderson SD, Bjermer L, Bonini S, Brusasco V, Canonica W, Cummiskey J, Delgado L, Del Giacco SR, Drobnic F, Haahtela T, Larsson K, Palange P, Popov T, van Cauwenberge P; European Respiratory Society; European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Exercise-induced asthma, respiratory and allergic disorders in elite athletes: epidemiology, mechanisms and diagnosis: part I of the report from the Joint Task Force of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) in cooperation with GA2LEN. Allergy 2008 Apr;63(4):387-403.
37. Langdeau JB, Day A, Turcotte H, Boulet LP. Gender differences in the prevalence of airway hyperresponsiveness and asthma in athletes. Respiratory Medicine 2009 Mar;103(3):401-6.
38. Couillard S, Bougault V, Turmel J, Boulet LP. Perception of bronchoconstriction following methacholine and eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea challenges in elite athletes. Chest 2014 Apr;145(4):794-802.
39. Romberg K, Tufvesson E, Bjermer L. Sex differences in asthma in swimmers and tennis players. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 2017 Mar;118(3):311-7.
40. Fitch KD. Therapeutic use exemptions (TUEs) at the Olympic Games 1992–2012. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2013 Sep;47(13):815-8.
41. Fitch KD. An overview of asthma and airway hyper-responsiveness in Olympic athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2012 May;46(6):413-6.
42. Sue-Chu M, Larsson L, Bjermer L. Prevalence of asthma in young cross-country skiers in central Scandinavia: differences between Norway and Sweden. Respiratory Medicine 1996 Feb;90(2):99-105.
43. Nikitina LYu, Soodaeva SК, Petrovskiy FI, Kotlyarova VN, Koynosov АP, Shashkova ТV, Petrovskaya YuА, Gasymova SSh, Chuchalin АG. The interaction between respiratory function and exhaled nitric oxide in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in sportsmen. Modern Technologies in Medicine 2013;5(3):45-50 (In Russian).
44. Nikitina LYu, Soodaeva SK, Kotlyarova VN, Petrovskaya YuА, Shashkova ТV, Gasymova SSh, Petrovskiy FI. Efficacy of antileukotriene therapy in exercise-induced bronchospasm in skiers and biathlonists. Modern Technologies in Medicine 2014;6(4):134-9 (In Russian).
45. Kurowski M, Jurczyk J, Moskwa S, Jarzębska M, Krysztofiak H, Kowalski ML. Winter ambient training conditions are associated with increased bronchial hyperreactivity and with shifts in serum innate immunity proteins in young competitive speed skaters. Archives of Medical Science 2018 Jan;14(1):60-8.
46. Provost-Craig MA, Arbour KS, Sestili DC, Chabalko JJ, Ekinci E. The incidence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in competitive figure skaters. Journal of Asthma 1996;33(1):67-71.
47. Mannix ET, Farber MO, Palange P, Galassetti P, Manfredi F. Exercise-induced asthma in figure skaters. Chest 1996 Feb;109(2):312-5.
48. Mannix ET, Manfredi F, Farber MO. A comparison of two challenge tests for identifying exercise-induced bronchospasm in figure skaters. Chest 1999 Mar;115(3):649-53.
49. Mountjoy M, Fitch K, Boulet LP, Bougault V, van Mechelen W, Verhagen E. Prevalence and characteristics of asthma in the aquatic disciplines. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 Sep;136(3):588-94.
50. Nickmilder M, Bernard A. Ecological association between childhood asthma and availability of indoor chlorinated swimming pools in Europe. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2007 Jan;64(1):37-46.
51. Bernard A, Nickmilder M, Dumont X. Chlorinated pool attendance, airway epithelium defects and the risks of allergic diseases in adolescents: interrelationships revealed by circulating biomarkers. Environmental Research 2015 Jul;140:119-26.
52. Pedersen L. Airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation in elite swimmers. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2009 Jan;3(1):62.
53. Bougault V, Loubaki L, Joubert P, Turmel J, Couture C, Laviolette M, Chakir J, Boulet LP. Airway remodeling and inflammation in competitive swimmers training in indoor chlorinated swimming pools. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2012 Feb;129(2):351-8.
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